Scientific method

 

Q - 1)   What is Scientific method? Write the name of its four stages and describe them:

Scientific Method: A specific method that is used to search for truth or facts. And: It is based on observation, hypothesis, theory and scientific laws.

Observation: It is the basic tool for explaining a phenomenon but it may vary from person to person according to his skill.

Hypothesis: The statement may be possible answer of the problems after observation.  It is also the trail idea for accumulating of more knowledge or facts.

Theory: It is the verified results by hypothesis, which is obtained with the help of careful experimentation.

Scientific law: When a theory is tasted repeatedly and is found to fit according to facts, gave valued predictions is called Scientific law.

Q - 2)   Write down the contribution of Muslim scientists in the field of Chemistry:

Jabir – ibne – Hayyan: (721 – 803 A.D.) He is known as the father of chemistry.

í  He invented experimental methods for preparation of Nitric acid, Hydrochloric acid and white lead.

í  He developed method for extraction of metal from their ores.

í  He developed method for dyeing clothes.

Al – Razi: (862 – 930 A.D.) He was physician, surgeon, philosopher & alchemist.

í  He was the first person who used opium as an anesthesia.

í  He prepared ethyl alcohol by fermentation process.

í  He divided the substances into living and non- living origins.

Al – Beruni: (973 – 1048 A.D.) He contributed in mathematics, physics, chemistry, metaphysics, geography and history.

í  He determined the densities of different substances.

Ibne – Sina: (980 – 1037A.D.)

He contributed in the field of mathematics, medicine, medical chemistry, philosophy and astronomy.

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

 

Q - 1)   Define chemistry? Write the name of its branches:

Ans: Chemistry is the branch of science that deals with the properties, compositions and structure of matter. It also deals with principles and the laws governing the changes involved in the matter.

The names of its branches are as follow:

1.       Physical chemistry	2.       Organic chemistry	3.       Inorganic chemistry
4.       Bio chemistry	5.       Analytical chemistry	6.       Industrial or applies chemistry
7.       Nuclear chemistry	8.       Polymeric chemistry	9.       Environmental chemistry

Describe the branches of chemistry:

Physical chemistry: It deals with the laws and principles governing the combination of atoms and molecules in chemical reactions.

Organic chemistry: It is the study of hydrocarbons and their derivatives. It also deals with carbon compounds with the exception of CO₂, CO etc.

Inorganic chemistry: It is the study of elements and their compounds generally obtained from non – living organisms i.e. minerals.

Biochemistry: It is the study of compounds of living organism i.e. plants, animals and their metabolism in the living body.

Analytical chemistry: It is the study of methods and techniques involved to determine kind, quality and quantity of various components in given substance.

Industrial or Applied chemistry: It is the study of different chemical processes involved in the chemical industries for the manufacture of synthetic products like glass, cement, paper, soda ash, fertilizers, medicines etc.

Nuclear chemistry: It is the study of changes occurring in the nuclei of atoms, accompanied by the emission of invisible radiations.

Polymeric chemistry: It is the study of polymerization and the products obtained through the process of polymerization such as plastic, synthetic fibers, papers etc.

Environmental chemistry: It is the study of interaction of chemical materials and their effects on the environment of animals and plants.

Q - 2)   What is scientific method? Define Hypothesis and Theory.

Ans: A particular method that is used to search for facts and figures is called Scientific Method. It consists of observation, hypothesis, theory and scientific laws.

Hypothesis: It may be possible answer of the problems after observation.  It is also a trail idea for accumulating more knowledge or facts.

Theory: It is the verified result of hypothesis, which is obtained with the help of careful experimentation.

Education System In Karachi

Education System In Karachi

Schooling assumes a fundamental part in the advancement of any country and is answerable for its headway towards progress. That is the reason the originator of Pakistan Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah laid incredible weight on 

obtaining instruction. He once said while tending to the understudies: 

"Schooling involves life and demise for our country" 

The constitution of Pakistan has likewise given the privilege of instruction to each Pakistani. The article 25-A of the constitution of Pakistan says: 

"The state will give free and necessary instruction to all offspring of the age five to sixteen years in such a way as might be controlled by the law" 

Disregarding every one of the accentuations on obtaining instruction, very little has been done this respect. In Sindh, The public authority has made a few moves to advance instruction like giving free books and getting individuals to mindful about instructive program exhaustive media. The training arrangement of Pakistan is as yet in its incipient stage because of absence of significance given by the public authority. 

Instruction has not been the need of any administration in any period since the origin of our country that is we are lingering behind numerous nations in the field of schooling. 

Of the absolute financial plan just 3% is allotted to training which is unquestionably insufficient to give quality schooling. High measure of our absolute spending plan is held for guard framework since we live in a spot that is encircled by dangers. 

We need to foster a more grounded safeguard framework since we need to shield ourselves from India and the psychological warfare that roots from Afghanistan just as inside the country. 

A limited quantity of 3% won't ever be capable completion the murkiness of obliviousness from our country. Additionally the conflict against psychological oppression has cost us an extremely substantial sum. We are spending more on firearms then on spread. The circumstance in far off regions is debilitating in this particularly when we talk about training, where government's carelessness is very noticeable. There are insufficient schools and universities in country regions, likewise there are no certified educators that are not kidding in giving training to the understudies. 

Absence of foundation is additionally an obstacle in such manner assuming there are schools around there, furniture and fixed is missing and on the off chance that there are instructors, understudies are missing and the other way around.

COMPUTER CHAPTER 1

 

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