Q - 1) What is Scientific method? Write the name of
its four stages and describe them:
Scientific Method: A specific method that is used to search for truth or facts. And: It is based on observation, hypothesis, theory and scientific laws.
Observation: It is the basic tool for explaining a phenomenon but it may vary from person to person according to his skill.
Hypothesis: The statement may be possible answer of the problems after observation. It is also the trail idea for accumulating of more knowledge or facts.
Theory: It is the verified results by hypothesis, which is obtained with the help of careful experimentation.
Scientific law: When a
theory is tasted repeatedly and is found to fit according to facts, gave valued
predictions is called Scientific law.
Q - 2) Write down the contribution of Muslim scientists
in the field of Chemistry:
Jabir – ibne – Hayyan: (721 – 803 A.D.) He is known as the father
of chemistry.
í He invented experimental methods for
preparation of Nitric acid, Hydrochloric acid and white lead.
í He developed method for extraction of
metal from their ores.
í He developed method for dyeing
clothes.
Al – Razi: (862 – 930 A.D.) He was physician, surgeon,
philosopher & alchemist.
í He was the first person who used opium
as an anesthesia.
í He prepared ethyl alcohol by
fermentation process.
í He divided the substances into living
and non- living origins.
Al – Beruni: (973 – 1048 A.D.) He contributed in
mathematics, physics, chemistry, metaphysics, geography and history.
í He determined the densities of
different substances.
Ibne – Sina: (980 – 1037A.D.)
He contributed in the field of mathematics, medicine,
medical chemistry, philosophy and astronomy.