Thursday, February 3, 2022
Wednesday, February 2, 2022
Thursday, May 27, 2021
Scientific method
Q - 1) What is Scientific method? Write the name of
its four stages and describe them:
Scientific Method: A specific method that is used to search for truth or facts. And: It is based on observation, hypothesis, theory and scientific laws.
Observation: It is the basic tool for explaining a phenomenon but it may vary from person to person according to his skill.
Hypothesis: The statement may be possible answer of the problems after observation. It is also the trail idea for accumulating of more knowledge or facts.
Theory: It is the verified results by hypothesis, which is obtained with the help of careful experimentation.
Scientific law: When a
theory is tasted repeatedly and is found to fit according to facts, gave valued
predictions is called Scientific law.
Q - 2) Write down the contribution of Muslim scientists
in the field of Chemistry:
Jabir – ibne – Hayyan: (721 – 803 A.D.) He is known as the father
of chemistry.
í He invented experimental methods for
preparation of Nitric acid, Hydrochloric acid and white lead.
í He developed method for extraction of
metal from their ores.
í He developed method for dyeing
clothes.
Al – Razi: (862 – 930 A.D.) He was physician, surgeon,
philosopher & alchemist.
í He was the first person who used opium
as an anesthesia.
í He prepared ethyl alcohol by
fermentation process.
í He divided the substances into living
and non- living origins.
Al – Beruni: (973 – 1048 A.D.) He contributed in
mathematics, physics, chemistry, metaphysics, geography and history.
í He determined the densities of
different substances.
Ibne – Sina: (980 – 1037A.D.)
He contributed in the field of mathematics, medicine,
medical chemistry, philosophy and astronomy.
INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY
Q - 1) Define chemistry? Write the name of its branches:
Ans: Chemistry is the branch of science that deals with the
properties, compositions and structure of matter. It also deals with principles
and the laws governing the changes involved in the matter.
The names of its branches are as follow:
|
1.
Physical
chemistry |
2.
Organic
chemistry |
3.
Inorganic
chemistry |
|
4.
Bio
chemistry |
5.
Analytical
chemistry |
6.
Industrial
or applies chemistry |
|
7.
Nuclear
chemistry |
8.
Polymeric
chemistry |
9.
Environmental
chemistry |
Describe
the branches of chemistry:
Physical chemistry: It deals with the laws and principles governing the
combination of atoms and molecules in chemical reactions.
Organic chemistry: It is the study of hydrocarbons and their derivatives. It
also deals with carbon compounds with the exception of
CO2, CO
etc.
Inorganic chemistry: It is the study of elements and their compounds generally
obtained from non – living organisms i.e. minerals.
Biochemistry: It
is the study of compounds of living organism i.e. plants, animals and their
metabolism in the living body.
Analytical chemistry: It is the study of methods and techniques
involved to determine kind, quality and quantity of various components in given
substance.
Industrial or Applied chemistry: It is the study of different chemical
processes involved in the chemical industries for the manufacture of synthetic
products like glass, cement, paper, soda ash, fertilizers, medicines etc.
Nuclear chemistry: It is the study of changes occurring in the nuclei
of atoms, accompanied by the emission of invisible radiations.
Polymeric chemistry: It is the study of polymerization and the products
obtained through the process of polymerization such as plastic, synthetic
fibers, papers etc.
Environmental chemistry: It is the study of interaction of chemical materials
and their effects on the environment of animals and plants.
Q - 2)
What
is scientific method? Define Hypothesis and Theory.
Ans: A particular method that is used to
search for facts and figures is called Scientific Method. It consists of
observation, hypothesis, theory and scientific laws.
Hypothesis: It may be possible
answer of the problems after observation.
It is also a trail idea for accumulating more knowledge or facts.
Theory: It is the verified
result of hypothesis, which is obtained with the help of careful
experimentation.